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They let you work locally with no lag. (You don't even have to be online). And when you do sync up with other users & devices, everything just magically syncs up and becomes eventually consistent. The bes'''''''''''''c'i'm'e'd'a'c'a' 'e'm'o's'''''''''''s''''e'd''''''h'c'a'e't'o'c''''y'd'o'b'e'm'o's't part of CRDTs is that they can do all that without even needing a centralized computer in the cloud to monitor and control everything''''''''t'n'a'w' 'I''Think, Google Do'''''''''y'm' 't'n'a'w' 'I''''''y''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'e'c'i'v''''''[''''''''''o't'''https://ourincrediblejourney.tumblr.com')'/'(']'' '''''g'''n'i'd'e'e'n'''''''''''I' 'o'g'a' 's'r'a'e'Y'' 'e'm' ''e'd' 'y'm''''''r'o'F' 'l'l'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'k'n'u'l'c' 'd'n'a' '''' ''')'a't'a'd' ''''''''''''''''''' '.'w'o'n' 'l'i't'n'u' ','l'l'e'W''n'o'i't'a'c'i'l'p'p'a' 'l'a''''l'e'r' 'r'e'h't'o' 'd'n'a'(' ''a' 'n'''''''n'e'e'b' 'e'v''''''e'''''''''''s'r'a'e'y'''''''''''''e'd' 'a' 'r'o'f' 'e'w't'e'b' 'a't'a'd' 'e'r'a'h''a's'''''' 'k'r'o'w' 'y'l's's'e'l'm'a'e's' 'o't' 's'p'p'a''m' 'cs without google. Or master-master database replication without lag. Or seamles''''''''''''''''''''''''''s''''''''t'''''''''''''''e'm'o's'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''r'''''f''' 't'u'B'''''''''''''''''''''''''e'r'''y'e'h't' 'g'n'i't'i'd'e' 't'x'e't' 'r'o'F''e'h't'o''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'y'''''For the uninitiated, CRDTs [(Conflict-Free Replicated Data typ' '''es)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_replicated_data_type) are fancy programming tools which let multiple users edit the same data at the same time. They let you work locally with no lag. (You don't even have to be online). And when you do sync up with other users & devices, everything just magically syncs up and becomes eventually consistent. The best part of CRDTs'I want Google Docs without google. I want my apps to seamlessly share data between all my devices, without me needing to rely on some [flakey startup](https://ourincrediblejourney.tumblr.com/)'s servers to still be around in another decade. I think they're the [future of collaborative editing](https://josephg.com/blog/crdts-are-the-future/). And maybe the future of all software - but I'm not ready to talk about that yet.''I want Google Docs without google. I want my apps to seamlessly share data between all my devices, without me needing to rely on some [flakey startup](https://ourincrediblejourney.tumblr.com/)'s servers to still be around in another decade.' is that they can do all that without even needing a centralized computer in the cloud to monitor and control everything.''n''nI want Google Docs without google. I want my apps to seamle'nFor the uninitiated, CRDTs [(Conflict-Free Replicated Data types)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict-free_repli''c''a''ted_data_type) are fancy programming tools which let multiple users edit the same data at the same time. They let you'''''''' ''w''ork locally with no lag. (You don't even have to be online). And when you do sync up with other users & devices, everything just magically syncs up and becomes eventuall''''''n''n'''''''m''' 't'u'B'n'n'''y consistent. The best part of CRDTs is '''A''' '.'that they can do all that without even needing a centralized computer in the cloud to monitor and control everything.'ssl'n'y share data between all my devices, without me needing to rely on some [flakey startup](https://ourincrediblejourney.tumblr.com/)'s ser'n'vers to still be around in another decade.''n''nFor text editing they've been famously really slow and clun'nI want Google Docs without google. I want my apps to seamlessly share data between all my dev'''n'n'n'ices, without me needing to rely on some [flakey startup](https://ourincrediblejourney.tumblr.com/)'s servers to still be around in another decade.'ky 'n'for years, so barely anyone uses them. Well, until now.'''''n'''n'n'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'''''''''''''''''''''nFor text editing they've been famously really slow and clunky for years, so barely anyone uses them. Well, until now.'''''n'''''n'''''n''''n'n'n''''But before we can even talk about that'',''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ','t'a'h't' 't'u'o'b'a' 'k'l'a't' 'n'e'v'e' 'n'a'c' 'e'w' 'e'r'o'f'e'b' 't'u'B'n'n'!'e'b' 'o't' 'e'v'a'h' 't'''n'o'd' 'y'e'h't' 't'u'B''''''' ','l'l'e'W' '''''''''''''l'e'W' ''e'h't' 's'''' 'e's'u' 'e'n'o'y'n'a' 'y'l'e'r''''''''''e'r''''l's'a'b''''''''''''''y'l'l'a'e'r' 'y'd'o'b'o'n' 'o's' ','l'l'a'e'r''''''.'w'o'l's' 'y'l's'u'o'm'a'f' 'e'r'''y'e'h't' 't'u'B'n''n''n'''''''''.'e'd'a'c'e'd' 'a' 'n'i' 'd'n'u'o'r'a' 'e'b' 'l'l'i't's' 'o't' 's'r'e'v'r'e'''''''a't's' 's'''''' 'p'u't'r'a't's' 'y'e'k'a'l'f' 'a' 'n'o' 'g'n'i'y'l'e'r'''''''''''''''''''''e'm'o's' 't'a'h't' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'s'r'a'e'y' 'e'l'p'u'o'c' 'a' 'n'i' 'k'r'a'd''''''''e'n'i'l'f'f'o' 'o'g' 'o't' 'g'n'i'o'g' 'e'r'a''g'n'i'y'r'r'o'w''''u'o'''''''''''''''''' 'y'g'd''''''''''' 's'r'e'v'r'e's' 's''''o'd''''''''p'u't'r'a't's' 'o'n' 'h't'i'w' ','a't'a'd' 'n'o'i't'a'c'i'l'p'p'a' 'e'c'i'v'e'd'-'s's'o'r'c' 's'n'n'''. Think, Google Docs without google. 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I wonder'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?''T''''''''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''s'i' 's'i'h't',' 'r'e'b'm'e'''m'e'r' 'd'n''''''s'j'''e'd'o'n''A'.'.''''?'t''''o'S' 'u'o'b'a' 's'i' 's'*''s'*''e'n'y'r''f'I''e't't'i'j''''k' 't'a'h't' 't's'''''''r'e'h't'o'n'a'''a'h'w' if the jitteryness is deletes are marginally faster than ''inserts'(' or somet')'hing?'n'''''''''''''''''h'c'u'm' 't'a'h't' '''''''''''''y'r'o'm'e'm' '''' 'a'''''''''''''''''''''''' 'I' ','h'E'''''''''''''''''''''''e'h't''''''''''''''''''''''g'''''n'''''i'''''w'''''o'''''h's' 's'i''''''s'w'o'''''''''''''''''?'g'n'i'h't'e'''m'o'''s' '''r'o''' ':''''''h'''s' '''''s'''s'e'''n' '''f'i''' 'r'e'd'n'o'w' 'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'i'b'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'y'l'''''l'a'n'i'g'''r'a'''''m'''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''a't'''a'd' 'g'n'i'''m'i't''' 'e'h't''' 'f'o''' 't'u'''o' 'p'o'''p' ''''.'''''''''''''''''a'''g'''a' 'o'''i'''t'a'r''' 'e't'''e'l'e'd' '/''' 't'''r'e's'n'i' '''e'h'''t' 'g'n'i'e'e'''s''' 'e'r'''e'w' '''''o'''s' ',''''y'l't'''''''h'g'i'l's''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''4'''''~'''''''''''''n'i'a'''g'''a''''''''''.'g'n'i'''h'''t'e'm'o's' '''r'o' '''s'''t'r'e's'n'i''''' 'n'a'h't''' 'r'e't's'a'f''''' 'e'r'a''' 's'e't'e'l''''''''''''''''''''' 'e'r'u't'c'''u'''r't'''s' ''''''''''' ''' ' ''' ' ' ' ' ' ' '''''''''''e'g'''a'r'o't's' 'a't'a'D''''e'd' '''e'b'y'a'M''''''''''' ' ' ' '''''''''''''''''|' 'e'g'a'u'g'''n'a'L'''''''''''''g'n'a'L' ''''''''''''''b'a'b'o'r'p' 's'''t'I' '.'''''''''''''''|' '-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' '''''''''''''s' 'e'h't' 'h'g'u'o'h't' '-' ''''.''' 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't'u'b' '-' 't'i'b' 'a' 't'u'o' 'g'n'i'h't'y'r'e'v'e'''''''''''''''' 't'u'o' 'n'g'i'h't'y'r'e'v'e'''' '''' ' 'e''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'n'o' 's't'n'e'm'm'o'C''''''''''''' 'f'o' 's't'o'L''F''Read'''s'i' ' f''F'''''''''''''''''n'o' 'k'c'a'b'd'e'e'f' 'd'a'e'R'''''''''' 's't'o'l' 'd'n'A''''S''''''<footer>''''''[2021 Seph Gentle](https://josephg.com/)''''''[https:'n'//github.co'n<footer>'m/j'n'osephg/](https://github.com/josephg/)'''n'''n[2021 Seph Gentle](https://joseph''g.com/)'''''n''l'a' 'e'e'S''''W''n'n'n'n'n'n'''Discuss o''O''''''''s''''''''n[https://github.com/josephg/](https://github.com/josephg/)'''''n''''n'o''''''''''''s'w'e''n'N''' '''r'''e'''k'''c'''a'''H'i''''''''''https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=2801720')'4'(']'N'H' 'n'o' 's's'u'c's'i'D'['n''''''''''''''s'''''''m''''''''''''''t'u'o' 'd'e'p'l'e'h' 'r'o'f'n'a'r'T' 'l'a'n'o'i't'a'r'e'p'O' 'n'o' 'g'n'i'''''''''o'S''''''''n'i' 'k'r'o'w''''''''O' 'g'n'i's'u' 't'p'e'k' 'd'n'a' 'l'l'a' 'm'e'h't' 't'a' 'e's'o'n' 'y'm' 'd'e'b'm'u'h't' 't's'u'j' ''d'n'A'g'a'r'e'v'a''''''''''''''''''' ''['g'''https://github.com/yjs/yj')'s'(']''n'''''d'i'l'o's''''o''i'h't'y'r'e'v'e' 'h't'o'o'm's' 'e'w' 'n'e'h'w' 'd'a'e'r' 'o't' 'r'e'i's'a'e' 't'i'b' 'a' 's'i' 't'r'a'h'c' 'e'h'T'n''n<img src=am_perf'''''''h't'o'o'm's'_'1.svg>'' 'n''''''h'c'a'e' '''''<img src''''''''1'f'r'''e'p'_'m'a'=automerge1.drawio.svg>'n'''''e'''''k'a't' s''''''''''d''n'i'Y'''''''Y''e'g'a'r'e'v'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'n'o'i't'a'r'e'p'o' '0'0'0'1' 'f'o' 's'p'u''''''''''''''''''''' That big spike? A group of 1000 edits took over'''''''''''''''''''''''''.'f'o'O' ''n'.'s's'e'c'o'r'p' 'o't' 's'd'n'o'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'd'e'd''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 't's'a'f'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'e'r'o'f'e'b' 't'a'h't' 'd'e'c'i't'o'n'''''''''''''''''''''''e'k'a'm' 'o't' 'w'o'h' 't'u'o' 'd'''''''u'o'e'''''''''.'h's'w'a'G' ''r'u'g'i'f'' 'e'n'o'y'n'a' 'k'n'i'h't' 't'''n'o'd' 'I'''''''''''''''''''d'e'c'i't'o'n' 's'a'h' 'y'd'o'b'o'N'h't'i'r'o'g'l'a' 'T'D'R'C'''''''''''''''''''t'''n'o'd' 'I' '.'m'h't'i'r'o'g'l'a' 'y'''' ''''g'n'a' 'o't' 'd'e't'p'a'd'a' 'e'b' ''''#'n'a'c' 'n'o'i't'a't'n'e's'e'r'p'e'r' 't's'i'l' 's'''n'i'v'e'K' 'g'n'i'w'o'h's' 'd'n'A' '.'g'n'i'x'e'd'n'i' 'r'e'v'e'l'c' ''''''''''''''''l'l'a' ''''-'y'l''''-'e'r'a'r' 'd'n'a''''''''''''' 'a' 'e'd's'i'g'n'o'l'a' ''''''o'c'n'e' 'h't'g'n'e'l'-'n'u'r''''' ''''''-'E'L'R' ''''''''''''''''''''''u'p' 'd'n'a' 's'e'e'r't'-'b' 'g'n'i's'u' 's'i' 'n'o'i't'u'b'i'r't'n'o'c' 'y'M' '''''''U' 'c'e's' ' 3.5'n'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''5'.'3' 'r'e'v'o''''3' 'k'o'o't' 's't'i'd'e' '0'0'0'1' 'f'o' 'p'u'o'r'g' 'A' '?'e'k'i'p's' 'g'i'b' 't'a'h'T' ''''o'r'g' 'o't'n'i' 'd'e''''''''''''' 't's'e't' 'e'h't' 's'a'''t'e'k'c'u'b' ','''['''''https://github.com/yjs/yj')'s'(']''''' ','pent processi''''''''''' 'e'c'r'u'o's'n'e'p'o'ng each chu'''''''''I'''''''''''''t'u'o'h'g'''''''''''''''''''''s'w'o''*'h's' ''''''' 'e'm'i't' '*''s'i'x'a' 'Y''''y'''''''''''''''''''e'g'a'r'e'v'a' 'w'o'h's''''s'j'Y' 's'e'm'i't' 'e'h'T'(''''T' 'u'o'r'h't'nk of 1000 operations''' during the test. I think those spikes are V8's garbage collector trying to free up memory. 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([Fuzzer verified (TM)](https:/''/github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/blob/main/reference_test.ts))n' 'e'h't'''' ','t'n'e'r'e'f'f'i'd' 'y'r'e'v' 's'i' 'e'd'o'c' 'e'h't' 'h'g'u'o'h't' 'n'e'v'e' 'd'n'A' 'te(0,226.48912133596485)'><line stroke='currentC'1'''''olor' x2='-6'></line><line stroke='currentColor' x2='600' stroke-opacity='0.1'></line><''''': [..]'''t''e''x''t'' ''fill='currentColor' x='''-'''''''''''''''''''e'h't' ','w'o'n' 'r'o'F'''''''''''s'e'd'u'l'c'n'i'''''''''a''' 't'u'B's'a'h''''''''''''''''''''''''''w'o'''''''s'k'r'o'w' 'h' 's'e'h'c't'a'm' 'y''a'l''''Being faster *and'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'')'w'o'n' 't'h'g'i'r' 'e's'o'h't' 'r'o'f''''''''e'k'a'm' 'o't'''''''''''''''''e's'o'h't' 'f'o' 'y'n'a' 'r'o'f' 'h'g'u'o'n'e' 'p'r'a'h's' 't'o'n' 'm'''I' 't'u'b' ','t'e'y' 'd'e'h's'i'l'o'p' 'g'n'i'e'b' 't'o'n' 'd'n'o'm'a'i'd' 't'u'o'b'a' 'e'r'e'h' 's'n'u'p' 'f'o' 'y't'n'e'l'p' 's'''e'r'e'h'T''''E'('''''''I'(' '''''''' 's't'I' '''''''.'h'E' ''l'i'f'o'r'p' 'e'c'n'a'm'r'o'f'r'e'p'''''''e'm' 't'n'e'r'e'f'f'i'd' 'y'l't'h'g'i'l's'''''''''''''g's'i'l' 'a' 'e'v'a'h''''''''''h'c't'a'm' 't'o'n'''''''''m' 't'o'n''''''''''t'n'e'r'e'f'f'i'd' 'e'b' 't'h'g'i'm' '''''''''''''''''''''''indicative'''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''0'.'1' 'd'n'o'm'a'i'd' 'f'o' 'e'v'i't'i'c'i'd'n'i' 'e'b' 't'o'n' 't'h'g'i'm' 's'k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 'e's'e'h't'* simple''r'', which moves the [Pareto efficiency frontier](https://en.''''''''''''''''e'Y''''k'''''''''d'a'e't's''''''''''a'e't'n'i' 'i'l'''''''''''''''''s'j'''''''s'h'y' 'o't' 'y'l'r'''''''''''''''''y'l't'n'e'r'e'f'f'i'd' 'k'r'o'w'a'l'i'm'i's' 's'k'r'o'w' 'h'c'i'h'w''''''''''''''t'e'y' 'd'n'o'm'a''''m'i'd'''wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''o'p'e'r' 's'i'h't' 'm'o'r'f' 'e'm'o''''''''r'a'l'i'm'i's'c' 's'k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b''''''''''''r'o'f' 't'p'e'c'x'e''P''''O''''''''''''''''''''''r'e'p' 'd'n'A''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '.'s'n'o'i't'a'r'e'p'o' 'e't'e'l'e'd''''d' 'o'l'u'd'o'm' '''''''' 'd'n'a'''''''''''''d' 'n'a' ','''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'e't'a'm'i'x'o'r''''x'p'p'a' 'y'l'b'''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'g'n'o'r'w' 'm'''I' 'e'.'I'''''b'y'a'm' 'r'O' '' '.'e'b'y'a'M'a'b'o'r'p' 'l'l'i'w''''' 's'''d'n'o'm'a'i'D''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'o'r'f' 'd'e't'a'r'e'n'e'g' 'e'r'e'w' 's'''t'l'u's'e'r' 'g'n'i'k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 'd'n'o'm'a'i'd' 'y'M''For my rust implementation results come f''r''om benchmarking''n'.' [''jos'n'ephg/diamond-types, at this version](https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/tree/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532). '#'Benchmark by running ` RUSTFLAG''''S='-C target-cpu=native' cargo criterion yjs`. The inline rope structure'' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''s'''''''t'c'e'j'o'r'p''i'h't''g'n'i's'u' 'm's'a'w' 'o't''''''' '&' 'd'e'l'i'p'm'o'c''''''''d'e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'''''t'i'g' 'm'o'r'f' 's'e'p'y't'-'d'n'''''''d'n'o'm'a'i'd''o'm'a'i'd' 'f'o' 'y'p'o'c' 'l'a'c'o'l' 'a' 'o't' 't'n'''''''d'n'o'm'a'i'd''i'o'p' 'o't' 'd'e'd'o'c'd'r'a'h'''''''''''''''''nDiamond's benchmarks com'''''''r'e'p'p'a'r'w'e from [josephg/diamond-types, at this version](https://github.com/'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''o't' 's'k'n'a'h't' 't's'u'j' 't'''n's'i''''''i' 'e'c'n'a'm'r'o'f'r'e'p' 's'''d'n'o'm'a'i'd''''r' 'josephg/diamond-types/tree/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532)''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'o's'l'a'''''''''''''''''''''''''.'t'p'o'-'m's'a'w''''b''''s'a'w' 'h't'i'w' 'd'e'z'i'm'i't'p'o' 's'i' 'e'l'd'n'u'b' 'm's'a'w' '''''''''h'c'n'e'b' 'e'h'T' '. Benchmark by runnin''g ` RUSTFLAGS='-C target-cpu=native' cargo criterion yjs`. The inline rope structure updates can be enabled or disabled by editing [the constant at the top of src/list/doc.rs](https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/blob/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532/src/list/doc.rs#L15). You can look at memory statistics by running `cargo run --release --features memusage --example stats`.'e'e'n''b' 'e'v'''I' 'h'g'u'o'h't''''o' ',''p'p'a'r'w'''''''''d'e'l'i'p'm'o'c' 's'i' 'd'n'o'm'a'i'D''''''''''''''''''''https://github.com/josephg/diamond-js/tree/6e8a95670b651c0aaa7701a1a763778d3a486b0''''''nDiamond is compiled to wasm using [this project](https://github.com/josephg/diamond-js/tree/6e8a95670b651c0aaa7701a1a763778d3a486b0c), hardcoded to point to a local copy of diamond'''''''d'n'o'm'a'i'd'-types from git.'''''n''''''''''''''''''''r'e'p'p'a'r'w' 'm's'a'w'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'm''''''''''g'n''#'i'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'''''n'''''''t''' ','l'l'e'W''T''-'-'-'n''r'o'f' 'k's'a' 'e'l'p'o'e'p' 'g'n'''''''''''''''''''''d'r'o'c'e'r''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''a' 'n''''''''''''''''''''n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t's'o'p''''''''''''''''''''e'h't' 'f'o' 't'r'a'p' 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You can look at memory statistics by running `cargo run --release --features memusage --example stats`.'n'n'''''''''d'n'o'm'a'i'd''n'''r''eto_efficiency). Ideas w'n'hi''ch'' '''''''n''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'''' 'n''''''''''''''s'e'p'y't'-'d'n'o'm'https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/tree/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532''a'i'd'''a'c''''h's''t'' RUSTFLAGS='-C target-cpu=native' 'i'r'o'g'l'a' 's'i'''''h''U'''''''U'Y''''I't''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''['s'i' 'm'h't'i'r'o'g''''''''''''''t's'i'l'l'a'e'r' ''''''''''https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/blob/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532/src/list/doc''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''g''cargo run --release --features memusage --example stats'''''''''n'i'n'n'u'r' 'y'b' 's'c'i't''nFor my rust implementation results come from benchmarking [josephg/diamond-types, at this version](https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/tree/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532). Benchmark by running ` RUSTFLAGS='-C target-cpu=native' cargo criterion yjs`. The inline rope structure updates can be enabled or disabled by editing [the constant at the top of src/list/doc.rs](https://github.com/josephg/diamond-types/blob/42a8bc8fb4d44671147ccaf341eee18d77b2d532/src/list/doc.rs#L15). You can look at memory statistics by running `cargo run --release --features memusage --example stats`.'s'i'n''t'a't's' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 't'a' 'k'o'o'l'.rs#L1')'5'(']''s'j'Y''''''''''s't'i' 'd'n'A' '.'''e'h't' 'l'a' 's'''e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'a' 'f'o' 'n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' 'y'm' ' 'y'l'l'a'c'i't'e'r'o'e''''''''''e'r'o'''''''r'e'h'T''''''''''s'e'o'd' ''''''y'l'l'a'e''e''''w'r''t'I''do this are rare and tr'3'''uly golde''n''.' '.'l'a'e'r''I''''''m''''''''nYou'll also need `automerge-paper.json.gz` from [josephg/crdt-benchmarks](https://github.com/josephg/crdt-benchmarks) in order to run most of these tests. The reference-crdts benchmark depends on [crdts.ts from josephg/reference-crdts, at this version](https://github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/tree/fed747255df9d457e11f36575de555b39f07e909)'''''n'''''''''e'c'i't'c'a'r'p' 'n'i' ''''' 'y'l'l'a'e'r'''''''e'l'p'm'i's''''i' 's'i''''''M'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''nThe charts were made on [ObservableHQ](https://observablehq.com/@josephg/crdt-algorithm-performance-benchmarks).'''''n''''nMy rust crdt wasm wrapper anywhere.'''''''''''''''''''''''''.'''''e's'a'b'e'd'o'c' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 'n'i' 's'''' 'T'D'R'C' 't's'i''''o'l' 'y'n'a''''m''''''''''t'n'e''''''''''''p'''Its a lot faster than'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s't'd'r'c'-'e'c'n'e'r'e'f'e'r' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e'w'o'l's' 'h'c'u'm' 's'i' 'e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'A'''(''']'['!'n'''''''')'''''''='c'r's' 'g'm'i'<''>''ref_vs_am_perf.svg'n'n':'e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'a' 'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e't's'a'f' 't'o'l' 'a' 's't'I'n'n''u' 'e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'a''m' 't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' 'n'a'c' 'u'o'Y' '.'''''s' 'e'd'o'c' 'e'h'T' '.'2'n'': [..]'9' ''dy='''0.32''em'>''1.5<''/tex''t''></g': [..]'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n1. You can implement lots of CRDTs like this. Yjs, Automerge, Sync9 and others all work'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d'e'c'n'a'l'a'b'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n2. Doing it this way lets you impleme''n''t t''''''''''''''r'e't's'a'f' 'g'n'i'e'B'he semantics of multiple CRDTs in the same codebase, if you want to.'.'4. Even though the implementation is different, this approach is *semantically* identical to the actual automerge, and yjs and sync9 code. ([Fuzzer verified (TM)](https://github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/blob/main/reference_test.ts))'5. Its faster *and* simpler, which moves the [Pareto efficiency frontier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_efficiency). Ideas which do this are rare and truly golden''n'n'.'''n'n'n''s's'e'c'o'r'p' 'o't' 'r'e't'u''''''''''t'l'i'p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' 'r'o'f' 'r'e't's'a'f' 'd'n'a' 'r'e'l'l'a'm's' 'g'n'i'h't'y'r'e'v'e'u' 'n''''''''''''''''''' 's'e'k'a'm' 's'i'h'T' ''''p's''''''''''''.'e'e'r't' 'd'r'i'e'w' '''n''''' '''a''' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e'h't'a'r' ','g'n'i'h't'y'r'e'v'e''''''''e'h't' 'l'l'a' 'e'r'o't's' 'o't' 'y'a'r'r'a' 't'a'l'f''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'r'e't's'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'1'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '.'2'''''''2''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l't'n'e'i'c'i'f'f'e' ''''''''''''' 't's'r'i'f' 'e'h't''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?'y'a'w' 't's'a'f' 'a' 'n'i' 'n'o'i't'a'c''''''''''''''d'n'u'o'r'a' 'e'c'n'u'o''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ','''s'''s'e'''n'''''e'p''''e'p'a'h' 't'i'd'e' 'n'a' 'e'm'''''''''n'a' '''''''e'd''''''''''''h'''n'a' 'e'a'm' 'i't' 'h'c'a'e' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i'n'n'a'c's' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e'h't'a'R''b'o''''''''g'n'i't'i'd'e' ''l' 't'a'h't'''' 't'a' 't'n'e't'n'o'c' 't'r'e's'n'i' 'e'w' 'o'd' 'w'o'H' '-'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'o's' ','y'l'm'o'd'n'a'r' 's't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 't'i'd'e' 'y'l'l'a'u't'c'a' 't'''n'o'd' '''''''''''''''''e'm'i't' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 't'a' ''e'''l'p'd''o'e'p' 't'''''' ''''''''''''''l'a'n'o'i't'c'e'r'i'd'i'b' ''g'n'i's'u''''''''''''''''''''''y'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''h't'''''''''''l''' ','n'o'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'H''''''''''''y'l'l'a'u's'u' 'e'c'n'a'm'r''''''w' '''''o'S' ''''.'W'''''''o'f'r'e'p''''''''''n'a'm'r'f'o'r'e'p' 'e'v'o'r'p'm'i''''''''p'e'k'a'm' 'o't' 'g'n'i'h't' 'e'r'o'm' 'e'n'o' 's'e'o'd''i't'i''''''''s'''''''''' 't'r'e's'n'i' 'o't' 's'u's'o'p' 't'r'e's'n'i' 'n'a' 'e'v'a'h' 'e'w' 's'a' 'g'n'o'l' 'o'S'''''''n'o'l' 'o's''''''''''''''''o'l' ''''o'A''L'a'r'r'a' 'n'a' '''f'o''s' 'd'a'e't's'n'i' '''u'B' '' '!'?''''''' 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'.'I simply haven't instrumented my native rust code.'n'n'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'e'v'i't'.''''a'n''''''''''e'd'o'c' 't's'u'r'nNote I'm only showing the WASM version of this code, called from javascript. I simply haven't instrumented my native rust code.'' ''n'y'm' 'd'e't'n'e'm'u'r't's'n'i''''''''''''d'e't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'd'o'c' 'e'v'i't'a'''''''''''''v'i'a't'n'''''e'd'o'c' 'e'h't' 'n'e't't'i'r'w' 't'''n'e'v'a'h' 'y'l'p'm'i's' 'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''r'e't't'e'b' 'x'3' 's'i' 'e'c'n'a'm'r'o'f'r'e'P''''T' '.'t'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'j' 'm'o'r'f' 'd'e'l'l'a'c' ','e'd'o'c' 's'i'h't' 'f'o' 'n'o'i's'r'e'v' 'M'S'A'W' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i'w'o'h's''''g' 'y'l'n'o' 'm'''I' 'e't'o'N'n''n'''I'm not sure what those spikes are''I'''''' I'm not sure what thos''''''''''''' '''''n'i' 'e'r'a'e spikes in the performance are'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'c'n'a'm'r'o'f'r'e'p''''e''''''''''''r'a'h'c' 'e'm'i't' 'e'h't' 'n'i' ''''''''''''''''''''''''' 't'''n'e'r'a' 'y'e'h'T' '.'e'r'a' 's'e'k'i'p's' 'e's'o'h't' 't'a'h'w' 'e'r'u's' 't'o'n' 'm'''I'''''''''''' 'e'r'i't'n'e' 'e'h'T''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'i' 'e'd'o'n' 'e'e'r't'-'b' 'h'c'a'e'''''''a'd' 'e's'u'a'c'e'B'''''n'i's'U' '.'s'e'k'i'p's' 'C'G' 'g'i'b' 'o'n' 's'''e'r'e'h't' 'o's'''formance'''''''' 's't'a'h'T' '.' is smooth as butter. 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So I got super excited when the papers for CRDTs started to emerge. [LOGOOT](https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432368/document) and [WOOT](https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00445975/document) se'''''''w'o'n' 'd'n'A'emed like a big deal! But that excit'''''''''''I' 'n'e'h'w' 'd'e'i'd'''ement ''turned to ash when I realised the algorithms were ''too slow and inefficient to be practically useful. And I made a big mistake - I assumed'' if the ac''''g'i'b' 'ademics couldn't make them fast, nobody could. 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I'm probably thrashing the CPU cache by interleaving updates in the two b-trees. 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I've made a few sleight' I'' no' even'' sorr'.'''' writin' 'g'-'''' ' 'y't'm's of hand which I want to 'fess up to and defend.''' ver''y clever.'n### How do I run these benchmarks myself?n''''s'''e'i''''''s'''''''''''''.'r'e'v'e'l'c' 'y'r'e'v'''e'y' ''l' 'e'r'a' ''A'''''''''''s'k'r'a'm'h' But its alm''o''s''t'' ''a''l''l'' ''o''n''l''i''n''e.''c'n'''e'B''''' 'h'''''' ''' ''- writin''g ''t''''' '''''''n'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n'e'v'e' ''''''''.'''''''''''' 'g'n'i't'i'r'w' '-'''' ' 'y'r''''r'o's' 't'o'n' 'm'''I' '''''''''''''''''' 't'''''''''''''''''s'n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' '''h'g'i'e''''a'w't'h'g'i'l' ','''' 't's'''''' ',''a'f' 'r'o'f' 'a'l'u'm'r'o'f' 'e'h't' ''''''''''''s'T'D'R'C' 't's'a'f'i'w' 'd'e't'a'r't's'u'r'f' 't'o'g' 'I'' 'g'n'i'r'e'w's'n'a''doing that work''''''''''''''''''''''h't' 'd''''''t'r'a't'''''''''''e'k''''''t''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''k'r'o'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'k'l'''''''y'r''''''''''''''''nA decade ago Google Wave really needed a good quality list CRDT. So I got super excited when the papers for CRDTs started to emerge. [LOGOOT](https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432368/document) and [WOOT](https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00445975/document) seemed like a big deal! But that excitement turned to ash when I realised the algorithms were too slow and inefficient to be practically useful. And I made a big mistake - I assumed if the academics couldn't make them fast, nobody could. I turned my back on academia and dismissed them.n'n'n'n'-'-'-'n'n'n'n'n'n'n'n'a'n'i'b'o'f' ''''' 'r'e'h't'o''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'n'a'i'l'l'i'r'b'''''''r'''o'f' 'd'e't'n'e'v'n'i'''''''.'e''''''''''''' 'r'e'd'r''''''''''''''''e'r'e'h'w''''''d'n'a' ','''y'r'e'v'e' 'o' 'n'i''''n'i'l'p''''''''''','''''''''''' 's'''n'i'v'e'K''''e'h't''''''''''e'h'T'''''''''''''''''''''''h'''''''''t'e'b' 'I''''''''e'h't' 's't'I' '.'''''k'c'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'd'a'c'''''''''''''m'e'h't' '''t'i' ''f'o' 'y'n'a' 'e'd' 't's'a'l' 'e'h'''''''''r'e'h't'i'e' 't'i''t' 'r'e'v'o' 'a'e'd'''''''a'e'i' 't'a'h't' 'o'r'p'p'a' 'n'o'i't'r'e's'n'i' '+' '''''e's'r'u'o'c' '''f'o' ''o'e'p' 'r'e'v'e'l'c' 'f''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'd'l'u'o'w' 'I' 'k'n'i'h't' 't'''n'o'd''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'r'e'h't'i'e' 't'a'h't' 'f'o' 't'h'g'u'o'h't' 'e'v'a'h' 't'''n''''''' 'e'v'a'h''''n' ''''n'd'l'u'o'w' 'I'o'''.'''I'''''''''''''''''n'n'a'm'p'p'e'l''''''''''''s't'i' ''''''t'i' 'l'l'e'K' ' 'h'c'n'u'b' 'a' '''''''''''' '''m''''''''''''''''''approach ''' 'n'o'i't'a''''i't'n'e's'e''''''''''''''''''''''''e's'e'h't'''''''''''u'o'''''''''''f'l'e's'y'm' 's'y' 'e'v'e'i'l'e'b' 't'''n'o'd' 'I' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s't'l'u's'e'r' 'k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 'r'u'o'y' 'n'u'r'-'e'r''''''''''''''''''''''''?'s't'l'u's'e'r' 'r'u'o'y' 'e'c'u'd'o'r'p'e'r' 'I' 'o'd' 'w'o'H' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s't'l'u's'e'r' 'r'u'o'y' 'd'e't'a'r'e'n'e'g' 'h'c'i'h'w' 'e'd'o'c' 'e'h't' 'd'e'h's'i'l'b'u'p' 't'''n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'e'n'i'l'n'o' 'l'l'a' 't'''' 'e'h't''s'o'm'l'a' 's'','''t'i' '''''''''''''''''''''s't'd'r'c'''''''n'i''''''''''''o'''t'n'i' 'd'e'm'm'a'j' 'l'l'a' ''-'e'c'n'e'r'e'f'e'r' 'd'n'a' 't'u'B' '''''''s't's'e't' '.''''e'v'a'h' 'u'o'Y' '#'#'#''n'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'o'r'f' 'e'm'o'c' ''''''''''''''''''''''n'o'i's'r'e'v' 's'i'h't' 't'a' ','''''s'd'e'e'n'''''''''''''''n'a'r' 'I''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'g'd'o'p''''b' 'e'g'd'o''''The reference-crdt'''s't'i's ben'''''e'r'e'h' '''chmark code is [in the repository here](https://github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/b''y'b'lob/m'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''f'o' 'p'o't' 'e'h't' 't'a' 't'n'a't's'n'o'c'''''''''c' 'l'a'b'o'l'g' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i't'i'd'e'''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''w'o'h' 's't'a'h't'g'n'i'k'r'a'm'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'e't'a'r'u'c'c'a' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'n'e'm'n'o'r'i'v'n'e' 'g'n'i't's'e't' 't'i'n'u' 'e'h't' 'n'i'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''')''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'r'o'm'e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'k'r'a'm'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n'o'i's'r'e'v' 's'i'h't' 't'a' ','y''https://github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/tree/fed747255df9d457e11f36575de555b39f07e90')'9'(''r'o't'i's'o'p'e'r' 's'i'h't' 'm'o'r'f' '''''(']'s't'.'s't'd'r'c'h'c'n'e'b' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''[' 'n'o' 's'd'n'e'p'e'd' 'n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' 's't'd'r'c'-'e'c'n'e'r'e'f'e'r' 'e'h'T' 'm' 'e'h't' 's'e'g'n'a'h'c' 'e'd'o'm' 't's'e't' 'e's'u'a'c'e'b' 's't's'e't' 'g'n'i'r'u'd' 'e'g'a's'u'''''''u's''''''' 'g'n'i's'u' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'e'r'u's'a'e'm' 't'''n'a'c'''' 'u'o'y' 'e't'o'N'(' '.'g'n'i's'u' 's't'i''h'c'n'e'b' 'e'l'i'h'w'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'u'o' 'g'n'i't'n'i'r'p' 'f'o' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''node --loader ts-node/esm --expose-gc bench.t'`'s'`' 'h't'i'w' 'e'd'o'c' 's'i'h't''''''''''' 'e'd'o'c' 's'h'i't' 'n'u'r' 'n'a'c' 'u'o'Y' '.'''''' 'd'n'a' 't's'i'g' 'e'h't' 'm'o'r'f' 'h'c'a'o'r'p'p'a' 'e'h't' 'w'o'l'l'o'f' ','ain/'''''''''''''''''''''''s'e'i'r'e'u'q' '''d'd'a' 'o't' 'd'e'e'n' 'l'l'''bench.ts). If you want to measure m'''emory usage you can use the same approach as I did'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''https://github.com/josephg/reference-crdts/blob/main/bench.t'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''i' 'd'i'd' 'I' 's'a' 'h'c'a'o'r'p'p'a' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 'e's'u' 'n'a'c' 'u'o'y' 'e'g'a's'u' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'e'r'''''''''''''m' 'r'e'u's'a'e'm' 'o't' 't'n'a'w' 'u'o'y' 'f'I'''''''a'c' 'u'o'Y' '.')'s'(']'e'r'e'h' 'y'r'o't'i's'o'p'e'r' 'e''''i'h't' 'n'i'[' 's'i' 'e'd'o'c'''''''''h't' 'n'i' 's'i' 'k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 's't'd'r'c'-'''' 'e'c'n'e'r'e'f'e'r' 'e'h'T'n'n'h' 'a' 'f'o' 't'i'b' 'a' 's'''''''''s't'l'u's'e'r' 'i' 'g'n'i'h't'y'r'e''''v'e' ','' ''''''''''''n':''''''''''''''t' 'f'o' 't's'o'm' ','''''''''''nThe benchmark code for my JS string baseline, yjs and automerge is [in th'''''''''''' 't'n'a'w' 'u'o'y' 'f'i'is github gist](https://gist.github.com/josephg/13efc1444660c07870fcbd0b3e917638). Its a mess; but messy code is better than missing code.nnFor my rust implementation I'm benchmarking [this code](https://github.com/josephg/text-crdt-rust/t''n'n''''''''' 'o's'l'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''https://github.com/josephg/crdt-b'''''''''''''''n'u'r' 'o't' 'r'e'd'r'o' 'n'i'enchmark''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'s't's'e't' 'e's'e'h't' 'f'o' 't's'o'm' 'r'o'f' ')'s'(']''''''''y'r'o't'i's'o'p'e'r''''''''''r'o't'i's'o'p'e'r' 's'i'h't'[' 'm'o'r'f' '`'z'g'.'n'o's'j'.'r'e'p'a'p'-'e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'a'`' 'd'e'e'n' 'l'l'''u'o'Y' 'ree/ba20b6386c0472958f33024ce0b806e75470e1ca). Run it with `cargo criterion yjs` or `cargo criterion ropey` to isolate the ropey baseline. Turn on and off the inline rope updates my commenting out lines near the top of src/universal/doc.rs. 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I used to think'' that a'''''''e'r'e'w' 'cademics''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d'n'u'o'r'a' 'e'l'p'o'e'p' 't's'e't'r'a''''''s'g'u'm' 'm's' 'e'''h't' '''''''y'l'l''''j'a'e'r' ''e'b' ''''''''''''''''''''''e'v'i's'''''''s'i's'a'm' 'a' 't'a'h't' 's'I'(' '''''''''''''''' 'o'g'a' 'e'''d'a'c'e'd' 'A'''''''''''s'''g'' So'''u''''''''y'l'l'a'e'r' 'm'''''''''g'n'''''e'[''h't'''https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432368/documen')'t'('['']'''https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00445975/documen')'t'(']''' 'i'l'''''''''''''o'g'a' 's'r'a'e'y' '2'1' ''d'd'''''''s'T'D'R'C' 'i'm' ''''t's'u'm''''''r'i'''''''''''''o'S'''''''o's' ''''''''' 'e'h'''''r'o'f' 't''''Google wave, a'''''''''''''y't'i'l'a'u'''''''''y'l'l'a't'o'''''''''''''''''''b'a'l' 'e'h't' 'f'o' 'e'd'i's't''' 'o's''u'o' ''t''''''''''''''''''n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.''But I was wrong. I might not be any good at inventing CRDTs, but I am pretty good at making code run fast. 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I don't know if its a good idea, but I did it anyway because it sounded clever and I couldn't help myself. In this implementation, I split out the document's text content into a separate data structure. The reason is that when you're actually doing collaborative editing, you probably want all the characters in your document to be stored in an actual array, or in VS Code's editor or something. I don't think it makes sense to duplicate the document's content in my library too.nn'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'h' ','d'e'z'i'm'i't'p'o' 'o's' 'y'd'a'e'r'l'a' 's'a'w' 's'j'y' 'd'i'a's' 'e'H'''''''H'E' '.'e'm' 'e'v'e'i'l'e'b' 't'''n'd'i'd' 'e'h' ','s'j'y' 'n'a'h't' 'n'e'w' 't'a'h't' '' 'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''r'e't's'a'f' 'o'g' 'd'l'u'o'w' 'n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i'''''''''''''''n'o'i't'a't'n'm'e'e'l'p'm'i' 't's'u'r' 'd'o'o'g' 'a'hought '''' 'e'w' 'I could'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'd'l'u'o'c' 'I' 't'h'g'u'o'h't' 'I''''h' 't'a'h't' 'n'i'v'e'K' 'd'l'o't' 'I' 'n'e'h'W''''''' 'I''n'n'suspect we can't make javascript run much faster in this test'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'b' 'n'a'c' 'e'w' 'e'b'y'a'm' 't's'u'j' '.'.'e'b'y'a'm' 't'u'B' '.''Can we still '' 'a'go fast''''''''''''''''''''n'a'c' '''e'w' 'o's''''''''''''''d'e'e'n' 'e'w' 'd'n'a' ','e'g'a'u'g'n'a'l' 'er? Yj''If we want to continue to improve performance, we need to go lower level. We need control over the memory layout.'n's is very well optimized alread''Y''''y, and I suspect we ca'''''''s'i' 's'i'h'T'n't make javascript run much faster in this test.'' 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't'r'''''''''''''''''''.'e'm'i't' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 't'a' '''a't's' 'd'n'a' 'e'c'a'l'p' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 'y'l't'c'a'x'e' 't'''''''t' 'a' 's'r'o's'r'u'c' 'r'i'e'h't' 't'u'p''' 'r'e'v'e'n' 't's'o'm'l'a' '' '''''''a'j' ''''''''p'p'a' 'c'i'''''''''e'r'e'h' 's'm'h't'i''''h'r'o'''''''i'r'g'l'a' 't'n'e'r'e'f'f'i'd' 'f'o' 't'o'l' 'a' 'h'g'u'o'r'h't' 'o'g' 'o't' 'g'n'i'o'g' 'e'r'''e'W''''''''''''''''o'p' 's'i'h't' 'h'g'u'o'r'h'T'n''''''''''''''')'?'e'c'a'l'p' 'e'h't' 'r'e'v''''''''''t' 'f'o' 'l'l'a' 'g'n'i'o'd' 's'y'a'r'r'A'8't'n'i'U' 'e's'o'h't' 'l'l'a' 'e'r'a' 't'a'h'W'(' ''''''''''''h'W'(' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 's't'I'''''''''''''''''''''' 'd''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''r'e't'c'a'r'a'h'c''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''- Insert 'a' id `(seph, 0)` after `ROOT`'- Insert 'b' id `(seph, 1)` after `(seph, 0)`n'n''''''''c''''''b''''''2'''''''''''1'''`'1''''''''''''''''''''''''''''!'e'e'r't' 'a' 's'a'''''''' 'a' 'e'k'i'l' 't'a'h't''''t' 'w'a'r'd' 'n'a'c' 'e'W''How should you represent that? A tree of course!nn> Diagram her''en'n''n''''''e'k'i'M's'' ''''''''''''''''X'''''''''''''e'w'''''''''''' ''''''*'*''''''b'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''- Insert 'a' id `(se'''''''0' ','e'k'i'm'ph, 0)` after `R'X'''OOT`n''''n- In'x'''sert 'a' '3'''id `(s''''''''0' ','h'p'e's'('eph,')' 0)` afte'Note the 'x' and 'b' both share the same parent. This will sometimes happen when users concurrently type in the same location, and we can resolve that by comparing their item IDs. But we don't want to do that in this case! In this case no matter what the IDs are we should always end up with 'aXbc'. RGA solves this by adding '''''''''''''''''r'e'g'e't'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''':''''''''''I' '.'''':'n- Insert 'a' id `(seph, 0)` after `ROOT''''''''*'''*'0' ':'q'e's' ','`n- Insert 'X' id `(mike, ', seq: '3'''*0*'0)` after `(seph, 0)`n- Insert 'b' id `(seph', seq: '1'''*0*', 1)` after `(seph, 0)`n''-'''''''''''''')'A'G'R'(' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''g'n'i't'c'e'n'n'o'c' ''''','''''''''' 'y'b' ''''''''''e'l'p'So how should you *implement* automerge? The automerge library does it in the obvious tree based way. At least I think so '''''''''''''''''''''c'b'a''' ''''''g'n'i'p'y't' 'r'e't'f'a' '''[''''''''''''''''''''*'f'o' ''''*'''''''o' 'e'm'o's'*'''''''s's' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''https://gist.github.com/josephg/0522c4aec5021cc1dddb60e778828db')'e'(']'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'e'r'e'h' 'n'o' 'g'n'i'o'g' 's't'a'h'w' 'a'e'd'i' 'o'n' 'e'v'a'h' 'I' ','h'a'e'Y'''''''!'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Holy cow! ~~Thats nearly as much ''as slack.~~' '''n'n'.'M'A'R' 'f'o' ''''''' '.'B'M'0'8'8' ','p'e'y' '-' 't'a'h't' 's'i' 'w'o'w' 'd'n'A' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''!'t's'a'f' 'y't't'e'r'p' 's'i' '8'V'''''''''''t'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'J' '.''''''''''''''''''''n'n'''.'y'a'w'y'n'a' 'e'r'a'r' 'r'e'p'u's' 's'i' 'n'o'i't'a'c'o'l' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 'n'i' 'g'n'i'p'y't' 'y'l't'n'e'r'r'u'c'n'o'c'''''''' 'g'n'i'''''''''''''|' 'e'| -------------------------- | ---------- | ----''|' '-----''g'a's'u'''''d'e's'u' 'M'A'R' 'p'y''880M''''''|'| JS baseline '' '' '' '' '' '' '' | 0.61s | 0.1 MB |'' ' ' ' ' 'B' ''t' 's'r'''''''''''' '-'-'-'''''''''''''|' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '-'-'-'-'-'-' 'e's'U' '''''''''''.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'y'a'w'''''''''''':'t'i' 'o''''''''''''''''''' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '''''''''''''''''''-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-''''''''''''''w'e'l's' 'e''1'''''l'o'h'w' '-'-'-'''' '' ' ' ' ''''''' ' ' ''' ' ' ' ''t'n'i' 'e'c' ''''''''2''''''''''' ' 'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''There's an old saying with performance tuning:nn> You can't make a program faster. You can only make it do less work.nn''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'k'r'o'w' 's's'e'''l' 'o'd' 't'i' 'e'k'a'm' 'y'l'n''n1. Automerge makes heavy use of immutable.js. Immutablejs is a library which gives you clojure-like copy-on-write semantics for javascri''p''t objects. This is a cool set of functionality, but the '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''B'K''''''''''''''''''t'n'e'm''''''B'M'0'8''''~'~'''''''`'`''Thats nearly as'~~'''''-'-'''''''~'~' much as slack.''~'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'k'c'a'l's' 's'a' 'h'c'u'm' 's'a' 'y'l'r'a'e'n'''''''' 'y'l'a'r'e'n' 's't'a'h'T' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''!'g'i'b' 'y'r'e'v' 'n'e'v'e' 't'''n's'i' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'e'h'T' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 's'a' 'm'a'r' 'h'c'u'm' 's'a' 'y'l'r'a'e'n' 's't'a'h'T' '8'''u'''''c'o'd' 'b'k''''''''''!'w'o'c' 'y'l'o'H' '''''h'''''''b'l'0'0'1' 'a' 'e'c'u'd'o'r'p' 'o't' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''!'!'''' 'm'a'So how do we make the computer do less work here? There's lots of performance wins to be had, but with this sort of thing its always best to start with macro optimizations. 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As a result, it increases memory usage and decreases performance.'o' 'n'a'c' 'u'o'Y' '.'r'e't's'a'f' 'm'a'r'g'o'r'p' 'a' 'e'k'a'm' 't'''n'a'c' 'u'o'Y' '>'n'n'''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''w' 't'u'b' ','d'a'h' 'e''''''''''''''''''o't' 't's'e'b' 's'y'a'w'l'a' 's'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y''I'a'w'y'n'a' 't'u'o' 'w'o''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i'v'o'r'p'm'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' '/' ''''''''''''''s't'n'e'm'e'v'o'r'p'm'i' 'c'i'm'h't'i'r'o'g'l'A' '#'#'#'n'n'n'r'h't' 'o't' 't'u'o'b'a' 'e'b' 't'h'g'i'm' 'u'o'y' 'e'd'o'c' '''''''''''t''' ','y'l'i'k'c'u'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'T'D'R'C' '''':'e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''g'n'i's'u' 'y'b' 'e'r'e'h't' 't'o'g' 't'I' '.'t's'a'f' 'y''''''' 't'd'a'e'r'l'a' 's't'i' 'e's'u'a'c'e'b' 'r'e't's'a'f' 't'i' 'e'k'a'm' 'o't' 'w'o'h' 't'u'o'b'a' 't's'o'p' 'g'o'l'b' 'e'l'o'h'w' 'a' 'd'e'e'n' 't'''n's'e'o'd' 's'j'Y'''''''''s'e'o'd' 's'h'''''''s'h'Y't'i'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 't's'u'j'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':'s'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l' 'e'e'r't' 'a' 's'a' 'T'D'R'C' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' 'f'o' 'd'a'e't's'n'I' '.'d'e'c'i't'o'n' 'e's'l'e' 'e'n'o'y'n'a' 'k'n'i'h't' 't'''n'o'd' 'I' 't'a'h't' 'k'c'i'r't' 's'u'o'i''''''''''''''''''''e'h't' 't'u'p' ','o'S'n'n'v'b'o' ','r'e'v'e'l'c' 'a' ''''s'j''s'Y's'''''''''''''o's'l'a' ''' 'a' 'e'k'a'''m'''r'o'v'a'f' 'y'm' 'n'i' 'e'e's' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''i''' ','m'e't'i' 't'n'e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d'e't'r'e's''''''''''''|' 'e'g'a's'u' 'M'A'R' ''n'i' 'e'b' 'd'l'u'o'h's' '''''''''''''|' '-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-' 'm'e't'i' 'w'e'n' 'e'h't' 'n''''''''''''|' ' ' ' 'B'M' '0'8'8' ''o'i't'a'c'o'l' 'e'h't' 'd'''''''''''''''| JS baseline | 0.61s | 0.1 MB |'B'M' '8''''7''''3'2'''''''''''''''|' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'n'i'f' 'e'w' 'l'i't'n'u' ''''''''''''''|' ''''|' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '''.''''p'i'k'S'''''r'a'p' 'e'h't' 'r'e't'f'a' 't'h'g'i'r' 'g'n'i't'r'a't'S''n'a'c' 'e'w'''''''''''''']'0' ','''h'p'e's''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'r'e'''''''3. 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Each leaf in the b-tree is stored in a single block of memory. At that block we store 32 entries - each storing in''''''''' ' ' ' '?'?'?' turn a span of characters. So inserting *does* need some memcpy-ing, but a little bit of memcpy is fine. Its seriously faster than you think.'n'n''''W'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''W''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n| Test | Time taken | RAM usage |n|''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s''''''''''''''''''''''.'y'r'a'r'b'i'l' 'y'm' 'n'i' ''''''''.'t'n'e't'n'o'c' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'e'h't' 'e't'a'c'i'l'p'u'd' 'o't' 'e's'n'e's' 'e'k'a'm' 't'''n's'e'o'd' 't'I''''''''''''''u'r't's' 't'a'h't' 'd'n'A' ' -------------------------- | ---------- ''''''''''''''''''''''''' 't'u'b' '.'.''''''e'e'r't'-'B''.'t's'a'f' 'y't't'e'r'p' 's't'I'| -----'*''''''''*'''' 'y'l'l'a'u't'c'a'---- |n| autome''v'''('''rge @ 1.0.0''')'-pr' index''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?'o'g' 'y'l'l'a'e'r' 'n'a'c' 'y'p'p'u'p' 's'i'h't' 't's'a'f' 'w'o'h' 'e'e's' 'o't' ''''''''''''','>'e'd'o''''''''!'i'a'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''https://docs.rs/ropey/1.2.0/ropey''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s't'i''''''''''''m'''I' 'w'o'n'k'''''''''' '.'.'.' 't's'u'j' 'I' ','k'o'o'L''''''''''''''''''''w''' 't'u'b' ','g'n'i't'a'e'h'c' 's't'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?'f'f'o' 't'a'h't' 'n'r'u't' 'I' 'f'i' 's'n'e'p'p'a'h' 't'a'h'W' '.'y'a'w'y'n'a' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d'e's'i'm'o'r'p' 's'a' ';''.'r'e't's'a'f' 'x'''' '0'0'0'4'1' '''n'n'.'m'o'o'B'n'm'e'l'b'o'r'p' 's'''e's'l'e' 'e'n'o'e'm'o's'''''''''''''''''''''''''s'''e's'l'e' 'e'n'o'e'm'o's' 'n'i' 'd'e'r'o't's' 'e'b' 'o't' 'g'n'i'o'g'''''''' 'd'e'r'o't's' 's'i' 't'n'e't'n'o'c' 't'a'h't' 'd'n'A' '''n| Test '''''' ' ' '?'?'?' | Time taken | RAM usage |n| -------------------------- | ---------- | '| Rust'' (n'''''''''''t'''''''''n'e't'n'o'c' 'c'o'd'ative) ')' | 0.065s | 2.3 MB |n'--------- |n|''''''''''''' 't'n'e't'n'o''3'2''''''c'1'''''''''''''''''' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 'g'n'i'r't's' ''''''''''''''''o't's' 't'o'n' ',' automerge (v1.0.0-preview2) | 291s | 880 MB |n| reference-crdts (automerge / yjs) | 31s | 28 MB |n| Yjs (v13.5.5) | 0.97s | 3.6 MB |n| JS baseline | 0.61s | 0.1 MB |n| Rust (Called from JS via WASM) | 0.20s | 2.3 MB |n| Rust (native) | 0.065s | 2.3 MB |n'''''''''''''''''''f'f'o' 't'i' 'n'r'u't' 'I' 'f'I' '''''''''' 'd'n'A' '.'y'e'p'o'r' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e't's'a'f' 's'i' 'e'd'o'c' 'y'M''''I' '?'t'a'h'w' 's's'e'u'g' 't'u'B' '.')'/'(']'y'e'p'o'R'[' 'g'n'i's'u' 'm'''I' 't'n'e't'n'o'c' '''''' 'm'''I' 't'x'e't' 'e'h't' 'r'o'F''''''''''''s'''' 's'e'u'g' 't'u'B'n''h' 'h'o'n' 'e'e'r't'-'b' '>'='''''''''' '>'-'''''''''' '>'=' 'D'I' 'f'o' 'x'e'd'n'I'''''''n'i'<' ':'eview2 '' | 291s | 880 MB |n| reference-crdts (automerge / yjs) | 31s | 'v''' 28 '(''''''''' ' 'MB'''''''''''''''''''' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ')'5'.'5'.'3'1'@''''#''''$''''&'(' |n| Yjs | 0.97s | 3.6 MB '''| Rust '''''''''''m'o''''a'i'v'''''''''''0''''0'2'''''''''''''''''''''''r'f' 'd'e'l'l'a'C'''''''''+' 'S''0'J''' 'a'i'V'(thro'n| Rust (Called from JS via WASM) | 0.20s | 2.3 MB |'ugh WASM) | 0.65s | 2.3 MB |n''' |n''''''e'n| Rust (native) | 0.065s | 2.3 MB |''''''' ' ' ' ' ' ''v'i't'a'n'| JS baseline |'''''''''''''''''''|' ' ' ' 'B'M' '3'.'2' '|' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' index: <Index'n '''''''''''''' 'x'e'd'n'I'<' '''''''I' ':'x'e'd'n'i' ','>'t'n'e't'n'o'c' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i'r'o't's' 'e'e'r't'-'B''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''h'c'u's' 'd'n'a' 's't'e's'f'f'o' 'd'n'a' 's'n'a'p's' 'g'n'i'r'o't's' 'e'e'r't' 'e'g'n'a'R'<' ':'e'e'r't' ''' '''''''''''','''c'b'a''''''''''''''''''''''''n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i' 'e'p'o'R'''''''R'<' ':'t'x'e't' '''''''`'`'`'n'}''n 'n ' '{'n'`'`'`'n'n':'s'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l' 's'k'o'o'l' 'e'r'u't'''''''t'u'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 'e'h't' 'o'S''''S''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'r'u'o'y' 'e'm'u's's'a' 's'e'm'i't' 'e's'e'h'T'n'n'''' ' ' ' ' ' 0.61s | 0.1 MB '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n| JS baseline | 0.61s | 0.1 MB |'s'5'6'.'0' '|' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ')'M'S'A'W' 'h'g'u'o'r'h't'('''''''''''''''''S'J' 'm'o'r'f' 'd'e'l'l'a'c''''''''b'e'w' 'a'i'v' 't's'u'R' '|'n' |''n'n'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'f'o''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'y'l's'u'o'i'r'e's''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'm'i't' 'e'''' 't'u'o''h't' 't'a' 'r''''''''''''''''nWe can also pack all the items tightly in memory. Each leaf in the b-tree is stored in a single block of memory. At that block we store 32 entries - each storing in turn a span of characters. So inserting *does* need some memcpy-ing, but a little bit of memcpy is fine. Its seriously faster than you think.'a't'n''a'd' 'e'''''''w''' ','e'e'S't'a'r'a'p'e's' 'a''e'v'e'l'c' 'd'e'm'e'e's' 't'i' 'e'''s'u'a'c'e'b' ''''''''''''''''' 'd'e'r'o't's' 'e'','''b' 'o't'''''''''''''''''''''''''g'n'i'h't'e'm'o's' 'r'o''''''' 'r' 'r'o't'i'd'e'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'''e'r'o't's' 'T'D'R'C' 'y'm''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''e'c'i'w't' 't'n'e't'n'o'c''' ''nThere's one last thing I've done. I don't know if its a good idea, but I did it anyway because it seemed clever. I moved the content itself out into a separate data structure. See, when you're actually doing collaborative editing, you probably want all the characters in your document to be stored in an actual array, or in VS Code's editor or something. It doesn't make sense to store the content twice. So I made it so my CRDT stores'''''n''''''''' 'o't''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'.'s'e'g'n'a'h'c' 'e'g'r'e'm' 'n'a'c' 't'i' 't'a'h't' 'h'g'u'o'n'e' 't's'u'J' '.'h'c'u's' 'd'n'a' 's'n'a'p's' 'e'h't' '''''' 's'd'e'e'n'''''''' 's'e'r'o't's' ''e'h't' 'e'r'o't's' 'o't' 'e's'n'e's' 'e'k'a'm' 't'''n's'e'o'd' 't'I' '.'r'e'v'e't'a'h'w''''h' 'r'o' 's'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 's'''e'd'o'C' 'S'V' 'n'i''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''o't' 't'n'a'w' 'y'l'b'a'b'o'r'p' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'''''''l'o'n'o' 'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 'T'D'R'C' 'e'h't' 'o's' 't'i' 'e'd'a'm' 'I' 'o'S' '.'g'n'i'h't'e'm'o's' 'r'o' 'g'n'i'r't's' 'l'a'u't'c'a' 'n'a' 'r'o' ','y'a'r'r'a' 'l'a'u't'c'a' 'n'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'n'i' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd'''''w'n'd'o' 'r'u'o'y' 'n'i' 's'r'e't'c'a'r'a'h'''''''r'a'c' 'e'h't' 'l'l'a' 'e'v'a'h' 'u'o'y' ','''' 'g'n'i't'i'd'e' 'e'v'i't'a'r'o'b'a'l'l'o'c' 'g'n'i'o'd' 'y'l'l'a'u't'c'a' 'e'r'''u'o'y' 'n'e'h'W''''S' '.'''''''.'s'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'r'e'h't'o'n'''' 'a' 'o't'n'i' 'f'l'e's't'i' 't'n'e't'n'o'c' 't'x'e't' 'e'h't' 'd'e'v'o'm' 'I' '''''''n'n'.'y'a'w'y'n'a' '''' 't'i' 'd'''''''i' 'i'd''''''''''''''' 's't'i' 't'c'e'p's'u's' 'I' 't'u'b' ','a'e'd'i' 'd'o'o'g' 'a' 's't'i' 'f'i' 'w'o'n'k' 't'''n'o'd' 'I' '.'e'n'o'd' 'e'v'''I' 'g'n'i'h't' 't's'a'l' 'e'n'o' 's'''e'r'e'h'T'n'n''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''i'l'l'i'm' '0'0'2' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'd'n'A' '.'s'd'n'o'c'e's'i'l'l'i'm''''n' '5'6'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'n'i' 'e'c'a'r't' 'g'n'i't'i'd'e' 's'i'h't' 's's'e'c''''e'o'r'p' 'n'a'c' 'e'w''''t' ','t's'u'r' 'm'o'r'f' 'y'l't'c'e'r'i'd' 'd'e'l'l'a'C' '.'s'd'n'o'c'e's' '2'.'0' 'o't' 'n'w'o'd' 'e'r'''e'w''''''''''''''k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 'e'h't' ','y'l'b'm'e's's''''p'a'b'e'w' 'h'g'u'o'r'h't' 't'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'j' 'm'o'r'f' 'd'e'l'l'a'C'n'n'?'o'g' 't'i' 's'e'o'd' ''''?'t's'a'f''''m' 'w'o'h' ','y'a'w'y'n'A'n'n'.'''''''''''''''''''''k'n'i'h't' 'u'o'y' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e't's'a'f' 's't'I' '.'e'n'i'f' 's'i' ' 't'i'b' 'e'l't't'i'l' 'a' ''''''''''y'p'c'm'e'm'''''''''''-' 'e'n'''''' 'l'l'i't's''i'f' 's'''''''g'n'i'o'd' 't'i' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'e'v''''e'''i'''t'i'u't'n'i'''''''i'u' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''r'e't's'a'f' 'h'c'u'M' '.'s'i' 't'i' 'k'n'i'h't' 'u'o'y' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e't's'a'f' 'y'l's'u'o'i'r'e's' 's't'a'h't''''''''''m'''I''''''s't'a'h't' 't'u'b' ','g'n'i'-'y'p''''''''''y'p'o'c'm'e'm' 'e'm'o's'''''''''''''y'p'c'm'e'm' 'w'e'f' 'a' 'd'e'e'n' '*'s'e'o'd'*' 'g'n'i't'r'e's'n'i' 'o'S'''''' 's'i'h'T' ''''''''''h'T' '.'s'r'e't'c'a'r'a'h'c' 'f'o' 'n'a'p's' 'a' 'n'r'u't' 'n'i' 'g'n'i'r'o't's' 'h'c'a'e' '-' 's'e'i'r't'n'e' '2'3' 'e'r'o't's' 'e'w' 'k'c'o'l'b' 't'a'h't' 't'A'''''''''''' 'k'c'o'l'b' 't'a'h'T' '.'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'f'o'''''''o'f' 'k'c'o'l'b' 'e'l'g'n'i's' 'a' 'n'i' 'd'e'r'o't's' 's'i' 'e'e'r't'-'b' 'e'h't' 'n'i' 'f'a'e'l' 'h'c'a'E' '.'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'n'i' 'y'l't'h'g'i't' 's'm'e't'i' 'e'h't' 'l'l'a' 'k'c'a'p' 'o's'l'a' 'n'a'c' 'e''''In Javascript we can't even pack a single item into contiguous memory. 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If we make our data structures more complex, we run into the same limitations Automerge has with immutablejs - which is, if we make our data structures complex,''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ','x'''','e'l'p'm'o'c''''o' 's'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 'r'u'o' 'e'k'a'm' 'e'w' 'f'i''''' 'e'h't' ','s'i' 'h'c'i'h'w' '-' 's'j'e'l'b'a't'u'm'm'i' 'h't'i'w' 's'a'h' 'e'g'r'e'm'o't'u'A' 's'n'o'i't'a't'i'm'i'l' 'e'm'a's' 'e'h't' 'o't'n'i' 'n'u'r' 'e'w' ','x'e'l'p'm'o'c' 'e'r'o'm' 's'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd' 'r'u'o' 'e'k'a'm' 'e'w' 'f'I' '.'t'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'j' 'n'i' 's'i'h't' 'x'i'f' '''''''''''''''''''a'v'a'j' 'n'i' 'r'e't't'e'b' 'o'd' 't'''n'a'c' 'e'W'n'n'l'l'a'u's'u'l'l'i'w' ''e'h't' 'l'l'A'n''n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''','l'l'e'w' ','e'r'e'h't' 's'i' 'a't'a'd'''e'm' 'e'h't' 'e'c'n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''m'''o'r'f' 'd'''''''''''''''''''''''f'i' ','''''''''''e'k'a't' '''''f'i' 'e'm'i't' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'n''''''' 'f'I'''''' 'n'I' ''a'e'r' 'o't' 's'd'e'e'n' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'r'u'o'y' ','''a't'a'd' 't'a'h't' 'h'c't'e'f'''''d'a'e'r' 'o't' 'r'e'd'r'o' 'n'I' '.'e'r'e'h'w'y'n'a' 'e'b' 'd'l'u'o'c' 'r'e't'n'i'o'p' 'a' 'f'o' 'd'n'e' 'r'e'h't'o'''''''o'e' 'e'h't' 't'a' 'a't'a'd' 'e'h'T''o' 'd'n'A'n'')'w'o'l's' 'o's'l'a'(' 'g'n'i'''p'e'e''''''''''''''''''''''''a't'a'd' 't'a'h't' 'h'c't'e'f' 'd'n'a' 'o'g' 'k'''' 'k'o'o'b' 'e'm'o's' 'o'd' 'd'n'a' ''''''' ','y'r'o'm'e'm' 't'a'h't' 'k'c'a'r't'''''''''''' 'd'n'a't's'r'e'd'n'u' 'o't' 's'd'e'e'n' 'r'o'''''''d'e't'c'e'l'l'o'c' 'e'g'a'b'r'a'g' 'e'h'T' '.'w'o'l's' 's'i''''''l's' 'i's' 'h'c'i'h'w' ',''''''''''h't'i'w' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'e't'a'c'o'l'l'a' 'o't' 's'a'h' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' ','e'r'e'h't' 't'e'g' 'o'T'n'n'''''''''e''' ','e'e'''''' 't'a'h't'S'.'s'i'h't' 's'e'''t'a'h' 'r'e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'y'l'l'''a'''''''a't'a'd' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''k'o'o't' 's'd'''''''''''''''''''''''''y'r'o'm'e'm' ''''''' ''2't'u'o'b''n'i'a'm'''''''m'a' 'm'o'r'f' 'g'n'i'd'a'e''''''n'n''r' ''a'e'r' 'e'h'c'a'c' '1'L''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''','s'd'n'o'c'e's' '5'.'0' 'k'o'o't' 's'e's's'e'c'c'a' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'l'a'm'r'o'n''''''' 'y'r'e'v'e' 'f'I' '.'''''''''e'r' ''u's'u'''''''''''' 'o't' 's'd'e'e'n' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c'''''''e't'u'p'o'c''''o' 'r'u'o'y' ','r'e't'n'i'o'p' 'a' 'w'o'l'l'o'f' 'o't' 'r'e'd'r'o' 'n'I't'u'p'm'o'c' 'e'h'T''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''.'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' 'r'o'f' 'l'u'f'w'a' 's'i' 's'i'h'T'n''n'i'Each part of the data structure is connected to the rest via pointers. In modern computers, following pointers is really slow. If the computer did 1 clock cycle every second, reading data from main memory would take a [couple of minutes](https://gist.github.com/hellerbarde/2843375).''''''0'0'1'''tem: ''''''''''']'2' ','''e'k'i'm'''''''''e's'[''''hello', isDeleted: fa'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'''''''''''''''''''''d'i'd' 'r'e't'u'''''y'''r'e'v'e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''['''''''''''''''''''https://gist.github.com/hellerbarde/284337''' '.')'5'(']'''s'e't'u'n'i'm' 'f'o' 'e'l'p'u'o'c'''''''''''''''.'s'e't'u'n'i'm' 'w'e'f' 'a' '''''e'k'a't' 'd'l'u'o'w' 'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'n'i'a'm' 'm'o'r'f' 'a't'a'd' 'g'n'i'd'a'e'r'''p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' 'f'''''' 'g'n'i'o'd''I''''''''''''''''''''t' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' 'y'l'a'e'r' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''(' 'r'e't'n'i'o'p' 'a' 'g'n'i'w'o'l'l'o'f' ','d'n'o'c'e's' '1' 's'a'w' 'e'l'c'y'c' 'k'c'o'l'c' '1' 'f'I' '.'w'o'l's' ''''''' 's'y'r'e'v' 'y'l'l'a'u't'c'a' 's'i' 's''''e'r'e't'n'i'o'p' 'g'n'i'w'o'l'l'o'f' ','s'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'n'r'e'd'o'm' 'n'I'''''''''''''''' ','y'l'e't'a'n'u't'''''''n'u'r'o'f'n'U' '.'s'r'e't'n'i'o'p' 'a'i'v' 't's'e'r' 'e'h't' 'o't' 'd'e't'c'e'n'n'o'c''''''''''''''''''''''''t's'e'r' 'e'h't' 'm'o'r'f' 'd'e't'a'r'a'p'e's' 's'i' 'e'r'u't'c'u'r't's' 'a't'a'd'''''''t'c'e'j'b'o' 'e'h't' 'f'o' 't'r'a'p' 'h'c'a'E''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''Note how each''''''''''''''' 'h'c'a'e' 'w'o'h' 'e't'o'N'n'n''''''''''.'.'.'m'a'r'g'a'i'D' '>'n'n':'s'i'h't' 'e'k'''''''k'e'i'l' 's'k'o'o'l' 'y'l'l'a'u't'c'a' 't'c'e'j'b'o' 's'i'h'T'n'n'lse, id: ['seph', 0], seq, parent: null ''''`'`'`'n'}'n'`'`'`'n'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'j' 'n'i' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n'n':'s'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l' 't'c'e'j'b'o' 'n'a' ','t'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'j' 'n'I'n'n'.'y'r'o'm'e'm' 'f'o' 'e's'u' 'r'e't't'e'b' 'e'k'a'm''''''''''''y'r'o'm'e'm' 'k'c'a'p' 'o't'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'r'o'm'e'm' 'n'i' 's'd'a'e'r' 'r'e'w'e'f' 'o'd' 'o't' 'r'e't'u'p'm'o'c' 'e'h't' ''' '''o't' 't'n'a'w' 'e'w' 'f'I'''''''''''''''''''' 'd'n'a' ',''''.'y'd'a'e'r'l'a' '''','''' 'd'e'z'i'm'i't'p'o' 'l'l'e'w' 'y'r'e'v' 's'i' 's'j'Y' 'I''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''f'o' 'r'e'b'm'u'n' 'e'h't' 'g'n'i's'a'e'r'c'e'd' 't'r'a't's' 'o't' 'd'e'e'n' 'e'w' ','e'r'o'm' 'e'c'n'a'm'r'o'f'r'e'p' 'e'v'o'r'p'm'i' 'o'T' '.'s'i'h't' 'n'a'h't' 'r'e't's'a'f' 'h'c'u'm' 'o'g' 't'''n'o'w' 't'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a''''''''''''' 't's'u'J''''''''''''t'''n's'i' 'e'r'e'h'T'''''''''''''''''''o'f'r'e'p' 'g'i'b' 't'x'e'n' 'e'h'T'n'n's't's'i'l' 'd'e'k'n'i'l' 'm'o'r'f' 'y'a'w'a' 'g'n'i'v'o'm' 'd'n'a' ','t'p'i'r'c's'a'v'a'J''''''''f'c's'a'v'A'J' 'm'o'r'f' 'y'a'w'a' 'g'n'i'v'o'M' '#'#'#'n''n'c''''''k'c'i'r't''i'h't' ','e'n'o'd' 'd'n'a' 'd'i'a''''''''''''' 'd''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s'i' 't'l'u's''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':'M'A'R' 'h'c'u'm' 's'a''''o' '%'0'1' 't'u'o'b'a''''g'n'i's'u' 'e'r'''e'w' ''e'r' 'e'h'T' '.''''''''''''''''''' 'd'n'a' ','t'a'e'r'g' 'm'r'o'f'r'e'p' 's'e'g'n'a'h'c' 'e's'e'h'T''i'a's' 's'i' 'l'l'a' 'n'e'h'w'p's' 'e's'e'h't' 'f'o' 'e'n'''''''''' 'n'e'o''''''''''i'l' 'n'a'p's' 'a' 'f'o' 'e'l'd'd'i'm' 'e'h't' 'n'i' 'g'n'i'h't'e'm'o's' 's't'r'e's'n'i' 'r'e't'a'l' 'r'e'''s'''''B'M'''1'.'0''''''u' 'e'h't' 'f'i' 't'u'o' 'k'c'a'b' 's'm'e't'i' 't'i'l'p's' 'o't' 'c'i'g'o'l' 'l'a'i'c'e'p's' 'e'm'''''''e' 'o's' 'd'e'e'n' 'l'l'''e'w' 'd'n'A' '.'''i'''''''i'''''''''''''s'd'l'i'e'f' ''t's'a'p' 'y'l'l'a'n'i'F' '''''''''''''k'n'i'l' 'a' 'n'i' 't'u'B'n'n'Deleted:'2''' '''2'false, id']': ['seph', 0], seq, par'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t'''f''''u'B' '.'s'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l''''''''''i'l' ''''r'u'o' 'I''p'u' 'e'n'i'l'''''''''''''''r'e''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':'M'A'R' 'h'c'u'm' 's'a' 'h't'0'1'/'1' 'r'e'v'o' 't's'u'j' 's'e's'u' 'd'n'a' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''':'r'e't's'a'f' 'x'0'3' 's't'i' '-' '''':'*'t'a'e'r'g'*' 's'm'r'o'f'r'e'p' 't'i' 'd'n'A'n'n''''| Test | Time taken | RAM usage |n| -------------------------- | ---------- | '''''B'M' '8''''7'2'--------- |n| automerg'| reference-crdts (automerge / yjs) | 31s | |n'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ' '''''s'7'9'.''''6''''7'.''''B'M' '3'0'''''' '''''''''.'0' '''''' ''' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 's'j'Y'e @ 1.0.0-preview2 | 291s | 880 MB |n| reference-crdts (automerge / yjs) | 31s | |n| JS baseline | 0.61s | |n'n'n'''t'f'a' 'e'n'o' 'e'm'o'c' 's'm'e't''''i''''''''''e'm't'i' 'e'h't' 'l'l'a' 'n'e'h'w' 's'k'r'o'w' 'y'l'n'o'''''''o'i' 's'i'h't' '-' 's'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l' 't's'i'l' 'e'l'o'h'w' 'e'h't' 'e's'p'a'l'l'o'c' 't'''n'a'c' 'e'W' 'ent: ''''' 's'i'h't'['sep'''''''''''''n'o'i't'a'z'i'm'i't'p'o' 'h', 'l'''1 },' { item: '3''''h', isDelet'']'2'''ed: false, id: ['seph', 0], seq, parent: ['se'o'''ph', 1 },n'4''''n'n''']'3'''n'n'''''''''''''''''':''```javascriptnstate = [n { item: '''''o'l'l'e'h', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 0], seq, parent:'' nul''Aaah much better! For our benchmark, this reduces the number of items in the list from 180 000 down to about 40 000. And it''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''','t''''k'r'a'm'h'c'n'e'b' 'r'u'o' 'r'o'F' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 't'i' 'd'n'A' '.'''0'0'0' '0'4' 't'u'o'b'a' 'o't' 'n'w'o'd' '0'0'0' '0'8'1' 'm'o'r'f' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''t's'i'l' 'e'h't' 'n'i' 's'm'e't'i''i' 'f'o' 'r'e'b'm'u'n' 'e'h't' 's'e'c'u'd'''''''c'u'e'r' 's'i'h'T' '!'r'e't't'e'b' 'h'c'u'm' 'h'a'a'A'n''n'l },n { item: 'e', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 1], seq, parent: ['seph', 0] },n { item: 'l', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 2], seq, parent: ['seph', 1] },n { item: 'l', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 3], seq, parent: ['seph', 2] },n { item: 'o', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 4], seq, parent: ['seph', 3] },n]n```'n''s'e'r'o't's' 't's'u'j' 's'j'Y'n'n' { item: 'h''''a', isDeleted: false, id: ['seph', 0], seq, ''''''''''1' ''','''h'p'e's'''['''parent: null },n { i'e'''tem: 'X', isDeleted: false, id, seq, parent: ['seph', 0] },n'l''' { item: '''''e'''s'l'a'f''b', isDeleted: true, id, seq, parent:' { item: 'l', isDeleted: false, id, seq, parent: [..] },n' ['seph','o''' 0'l'''] },n { item: 'c', isDeleted: fal''s''e, id, seq, parent: [..] },n ...n]n```n'n'n':'g'n'i'r'o't's' 'f'o' 'd'a'e't's'n'i' ','''o'l'l'e'h''' 'e'p'y't' 'I' 'f'I' Instead of typing'' a''Yjs does these two optimizations and one''''' 'e'r'o'm' bonus optimizat''i''on: Humans also type in runs of characters. 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We count all the not-deleted items until we've counted past 5000 items which aren't deleted and ret'''''''''''' 'n'o'i't'a'n'i't's'''e'd'urn t''h''e resulting index. If 1000 characters have been deleted before position 5000, the index position might be 6000. Unfortunately for us, this is'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''`'''''''`'s't'i' 't'u'b' '-' 'y'c'n'a'f' 's'd'n'u'o's' 't'a'h'T' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'g'n''''''''''''''''''''s'r'e't'c'a'r'a'h'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 's'i' 's'i'h't' ','s'u' 'r'o'f' 'y'l'e't'a'n'u't'r'o'f'n'U''''''''''r'o'f'n'u' 't'u'B' '''''''''''''.'0'0'0'6' 'e'b' 't'h'g'i'm' 'n'o'i't'i's'o'p' 'x'e'd'n'i' 'e'h't' ','0'0'0'5' 'n'o'i't'i's'o'p' 'e'r'o'f'e'b' 'c''''''''''''''''''''''''d'e't'e'l'e'd' 'n'e'e'b' 'e'v'a'h' 's'm'e't'i' '0'0'0'1' 'f'I' '.''''''''''''''''''''i'b' 'e'b' 'l'l'i'w' 'h'c'i'h'w' '-' ''''''''''''''''''''''0'0'0''''5'5'5' 'g'E'(''''E' '.'''''''''''''g'e'(' ''i't'l'u's'e'r''''''''' 'x'e'd'n'i' 'e'h't' 'n'r'u't'e'r' 'd'n'a' 'd'e't'e'l'e'd' 't'''n'e'r'a' 'h'c'i'h'w' 's'm'e't'i' '0'0'0'5'''''''0'1' 't's'a'p' 'd'e't'n'u'o'c' 'e'v'''e'w''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 'l'i't'n'u' 's'm'e't'i' 'd'e't'e'l'e'd'-'t'o'n' 'e'h't' 'l'l'a' 't'n'u'o'c' 'e'W'''''''''' 'e'w' '.'p'o'o'l' ')'('r'o'f' 'a' 's't'I' '.'n'o'i't'a'c'o'l' 's'i'h't' 'd'n'i'f' 'o't' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'e'h't' 'h'g'u'o'r'h't' 'n'a'c's' 'r'a'e'n'i'l' 'a' 's'e'o'd' 'n'o'i't'a't'n'e'm'e'l'p'm'i'''''''''''t'a't'n'e'm'e'l'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y'l'''''''''''n''''''m'i' 'y'M'i' 'd'e'c'i'l'p's'l'a'u't'c'a' '''''''''''''d'e't'r'e's'n'i' 'e'b' 'l'l'i'w' 'm'e't'i' 'w'e'n' 'e'h't' 'e'r'e'h'w' 'n'e'h't' 'd'n'a' '-'n'e'b' 'd'l'u'o'h's' 't'n'e'r'a'p' 's'''m'e't'i' 'w'e'n' 'e'h't''''''''w'e'n' 'r'u'o' 't'a'h'W''''''''''t' 'e'r'e'h'W' '-'n'n':'t'u'o' 'e'r'u'g'i'f' 'n'a'c' 'e'w' 'o's' ','m'e't'i' 't's'i'l' 'a' 'h't'i'w' 'n'o'i't'i's'o'p' 't'a'h't' 'e't'a'l'e'r'r'o'c'' 't''''''''''''''''t'r'e's'n'i' 'o't' 'e'r'e'h'w''''' 'e'h't'''s':''i''d'l' 'a''' '' 's''D'','i' 'e'e'''h'''s't'c'i'l''e''''a'n'l' 'f' {'e'' ' it'D':''em:''d's' 'X'i'''', id''''''''''' ','e'k'i'l' 't'a'''''''''''''''''''''''''' 's'i'h't' ','t'n''''''''''''''''''''e' 'h't' 'n'i' 'm'e't'i' 'h'c'i'h'w' 'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'l'a'e'r' 'a'''''''''''''''''''a'e'r' 'a'r' 'n'i', 'D'seq, 'e'paren't't: [''e'seph''l', 0] 'e'},'h''D'''w' 's'',''''i''u'l'c'n'I'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''d'e't'e'l'e'd' 'e'r'a' 's'm'e't'i' 'h'c'i'h'w' 's'k'r'a'm''''''''l'e'd' 's'a'h' 'o's'l'a' 't'i' ','h'O''''(' '.''''''w'o'n' ','''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''n':'s'i'h't' 'e'k'i'l' 't'n'e'm'u'c'o'd' 'a' 'e'v'a'h' 'e'w' 'o'S'n'''```javascriptnstate = [n { item: 'a', id: ['seph', 0], seq, parent: null },n { item: 'X', id, seq, parent: ['seph', 0] },n { item: 'b', id, seq, parent: ['seph', 0] },n { item: 'c', id, seq, parent: [..] }n]n```'n''n'''So imagine the user types an 'a' in the middle of the document (at position 5000). My reference-crdts implementation needs to find''So imagine the user types an 'a' in the middle of the document (at position 5000)' '''.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 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Martin (its principle architect and programmer) recorded himself typing an academic paper. Running his editing history through automerge (his own code) takes 490 seconds, which is a bit less than 10 minutes. Once processed, the editing trace sits on 1.1 GB of RAM. The newly merged performance branch (designed to fix a lot of these problems) is even slower - taking 750 seconds (12.5 minutes) to process the same editing trace.nI managed to get that 10 minute time down to 70ms (0.07 seconds). Thats the best result I've ever gotten from optimization work, and I'm delighted by it. Let me tell you what I did!nWhat does automerge do?nBefore we can go into detail about how I made automerge fast, we have to spend a moment talking about how automerge itself works.nAn automerge document is actually a tree of inserted characters. Each character in the document has the following properties:nA unique ID, made up of a tuple of (client ID, sequence number)nThe ID (or a pointer to) its parent item, which is the item directly before that character when it was inserted.nThe character itself ('A')nThere's a couple more fields (eg to mark when characters have been deleted), but essentially thats it. When a character is inserted in the document, automerge figures out the ID of the character immediately before the new character, and inserts the new character as one of its predecessor's *children*. If you just type a linear sequence of characters (as I'm doing right now), you'll end up with a big long chain of characters going down like a linked list.nSo why is automerge so slow?nWhen optimizing, I imagine myself manually doing all the work the computer is doing, one step at a time. Then I imagine asking: 'When I get bored, how would I speed this job up?'.nAutomerge is slow for 3 main reasons:nIts written in javascript and uses complex data structures. Javascript is reasonably fast for math, but slow and inefficient when using complex data structures.nAutomerge uses a complex and inefficient data structurenAutomerge makes extremely heavy use of immutablejsnEach of these issues accounts for about an order of magnitude slowdown in performance. You can see all 3 issues showing up in this method from the automerge source tree, which is called on each keystroke. Automerge uses this method to figure out where each new character should be placed in the resulting document:nfunction insertionsAfter(opSet, objectId, parentId, childId) {n let childKey = nulln if (childId) childKey = Map({opId: childId})nn return opSetn .getIn(['byObject', objectId, '_following', parentId], List())n .filter(op => op.get('insert') && (!childKey || lamportCompare(op, childKey) < 0))n .sort(lamportCompare)n .reverse() // descending ordern .map(op => op.get('opId'))n}nWhats wrong with this method?nThis method allocates all over the place. I can spot 5 allocations, not counting any extra nonsense immutablejs is doing. The call to List() has no effect as far as I can tell from reading immutablejs's documentation.nThe document is always kept in a sorted order anyway, so the calls to sort() and reverse() are unnecessary. The algorithm only needs to figure out where the new child should be inserted. Re-sorting all children is entirely avoidable. Sort functions are often fast when the input is sorted already, but in this case because the sorting function is inverted, the computer always has to sort the entire list.nYou can't tell from looking at this method, but insertionsAfter nDespite CRDTs being the 'new hotness' in the collaborative editing game for years, I've been resisting them. As I said in my [recent blog post about CRDTs](https://josephg.com/blog/crdts-are-the-future/), they've been generally unworkable for real world collaborative editing because:nThey take up too much space on disk and in memory. (Automerge takes 1.1GB in RAM to store a 100kb document)nThey consume way too much CPU to process editsnUntil these issues are addressed, I can't recommend CRDTs for use in general computing.n' |